How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time (Ian King)

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NonZeroSum
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How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time (Ian King)

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Anyone read this book? It sounds really interesting, from the brief summary I read on wikipedia below, it posits a hybrid system for where passivity isn't an option (greater harm) what is the best consequence is whichever ethic is best understood by a person with the power to affect that change towards the moral good. So if you can't know what the objective consequences will be within reasonable doubt and you have no reliable method to do so, you have to fall back on a tentative subjective rule based character consequentialism, and if the more complex interplay of principles one is aware of is greater than the method by which you can arrive at good consequences then deontology is the closest to the truth one is likely to get. What's interesting is whether people are more capable of understanding principles and obligations based deontology.
Critique 8: Your system says we should push a fat man onto railway tracks if it would save four others from certain death. So really you’re just someone who decides right and wrong from consequences. (Trolley problem)
Answer: No. Even though a fat man should be pushed onto the tracks if it would definitely save four innocent others, that do esn’t mean only consequences matter. Rules and instincts against killing are still very important – it’s just that they’re over - ridden in this very peculiar case. Many examples like this one are like optical illusions, creating the false impression that et hics is ‘either/or’. In fact, it is possible to find middle ground between judging actions, judging virtues and judging consequences – and that’s exactly what my quasi - utilitarian system does.
Probs going to get some heated objections, so have at it hoss...

https://iainbking.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/how-to-make-good-decisions-62-point-summary.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Make_Good_Decisions_and_Be_Right_All_the_Time

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Abstract: Iain King's 2008 book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time uses quasi-realism and a modified form of utilitarianism to develop deontological principles which are compatible with ethics based on virtues and consequences. King develops a hierarchy of principles to link his meta-ethics, which are more inclined towards consequentialism, with the deontological conclusions he presents in his book.

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How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time
Iain King, 2008.

Sets out a history of moral philosophy and presents new ideas in ethics, which have been described as quasi utilitarianism.

Summary

How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time has forty chapters, which are grouped into six parts.


Part I. The Problem: We Need to Make Decisions, But We Don't Know How (Chapters 1–6)


For ethical advice to be credible, the book says it cannot be perceived as arbitrary. The book cites The Dice Man – a man who makes choices based on dice rolls – as an example of advice-following which is arbitrary and so cannot be regarded as ethical.

Chapter three argues intuitions about what we should do can be more useful, but are undermined because our multiple intuitions often lead to contradictory advice (eg ‘help a stranger’ or ‘put family first’?). Philosophers have sought to eliminate these contradictions by locating right and wrong in a single part of the decision-making process: for example, in the actions we take (eg Kant), in our character (eg Aristotle, virtue ethics) or in the consequences of our actions (eg Utilitarianism).

Chapter four explains how ‘do whatever is best’ (utilitarianism) still dominates modern philosophical and economic thinking.

Chapter five cites seven faults with utilitarianism. These are that it can be self-defeating; that it considers only future events and ignores the past; that it places decision-making authority in questionable hands; that it doesn’t discriminate fairly between people; that it sacrifices individual concerns to the group interest; that it down-grades promises, fairness and truth-telling; and that it doesn’t offer any clear rules. The chapter also argues that the main argument for utilitarianism is invalid, and ‘empty’.


Part II. The Proof: Finding the Basics of Right and Wrong (Chapters 7–14)

Part II starts with a secular revision of Pascal’s Wager, arguing “What does it hurt to pursue value and virtue? If there is value, then we have everything to gain, but if there is none, then we haven’t lost anything.” Thus, it rationally makes sense for us to pursue something of value.

It says that “people ultimately derive their choices from what they want to do and what other people want to do”

It then presents four different arguments for deriving a basic principle from which right and wrong can be developed. These are an adaptation of utilitarianism; an adaptation of John Rawls' theory; an argument from evolutionary theory; and a 'Sherlock Holmes' approach.

All four arguments converge on empathy, obligation and the ‘Help Principle’, which the book argues are kernels of a viable ethical system. According to Audrey Tang, King's philosophy advocates: "If spending one unit of your effort could help another person by two units, he detailed in his book, you should help."


Part III. The Principle: Refining the Help Principle (Chapters 15–22)

Part III defines the Help Principle more carefully, with a section on autonomy, and a critique of the golden rule.

It results in an approach to ethics which combines deontology, consequentialism and virtue ethics. This has been described as quasi-utilitarianism.


Part IV. The Program: Extending the Principles to Other Problems (Chapters 23–31)

Part IV attempts to distinguish white lies from bad lies. Contradicting Aristotle, who believed no general rule on lying was possible, 'For he who advocates lying can never be believed or trusted,' and St Augustine, who believed all lies were sinful, the book presents a definition of good lies, and argues why it is credible and superior.

Chapters 28 and 29 reconcile individual human rights with group interests. Both individual justice and social justice feature.


Part V. Practical Advice: For Real People in the Modern World (Chapters 32–38)

Part V deals with situations when information is not certain, and other real world problems which are absent from much academic philosophy. These problems make effective altruism impractical and rare.

Chapter 34 argues that the notion of integrity can only make sense in ethics if it is applied to the consequences people allow to happen rather than to people themselves.


Part VI. The Prognosis: How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time (Chapters 39–40)

Part VI claims a hybrid system can be internally-consistent and address several problems of the main schools of ethics.

Chapter 40 concludes it is impossible to make good decisions all the time because we can never know enough about the world, and the consequences of our actions. Hence, ethics can never emulate the scientific revolution by offering a simple set of rules for every situation, similar to those derived by Newton. This is because Newton’s own rules can never be applied perfectly, because we can never know how the world really is.


About the book

It was published on December 1, 2008. It became a bestseller within the category of philosophy books in 2013.

The book answers the Frege–Geach Problem, the Fact–Value Gap, and the Open Question Argument, although the given answers have been challenged.

The book has been used in freshman philosophy classes, to teach teenagers, and in SATs.
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